There is an easier way to do things. On your travels this is one option you can take.
Faulkner - Catch a Geodude/Mareep to annihilate him easily.
Bugsy - Geodude again or if you chose Cyndaquil as your starter this battle is easy.
Whitney - Geodude can again take care of this, alternatively go catch a Nidoran (I prefer the male of the species, I find Nidoking to be a cooler final evo ;]) because Double Kick will work a charm if you grind a few levels.
On your way to Goldenrod though, catch an Abra. Level it up a bit.
Morty - The aforementioned Abra that should well and truly be a Kadabra should pretty much decimate Morty, especially if its to the level where it learns Psybeam, about level 24ish.
Jasmine - The fire starter will take care of Jasmine for you. Either that or on your way to Ecruteak, catch a Growlithe/Vulpix and level it up a bit.
Chuck - Trade your Kadabra and get yourself an Alakazam. It'll dominate this gym on its own, even with its weak physical defense. Fighting pokemon are quick, but they will never match up to Alakazam.
Pryce - He is relatively easy to take care of. If you caught an electric type like Mareep near the start, or have been levelling up another it will destroy the water types, any fire type will work for Piloswine.
Clair - I recommend having gone to union cave on Friday and catch a Lapras. It learns Ice Beam around Level 33, this will all but destroy her team. Your electric pokemon will do Gyarados in one hit probably.
So going on this you should have a well balanced team to beat the gyms.
Typhlosion/Arcanine/Ninetales
Alakazam
Golem/Nidoking
Ampharos
Lapras
And then finally as a filler you can choose something else, it won't make too much difference to beating the gyms or not. :)
